1. The Roman Coliseum 羅馬競技場

Another of the many interesting places to visit in Europe is the Roman Coliseum. This grand site was originally a huge amphitheater that could seat more than 50,000 people. With amazing ancient architecture, even in disrepair, this is a magnificent site that you definitely have to see.

2. Beowulf is an Old English epic poem. It is possibly the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature .

3. The blind side 攻其不備

The story of Michael Oher, a homeless and traumatized boy who became an All American football player and first round NFL draft pick with the help of a caring woman and her family.

4. Le Morte d' Arthur 亞瑟王之死:“the death of Arthur”, is a compilation by Sir Thomas Malory of traditional tales about the legendary King Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot,  and the Kinghts of the Round Table.

5. St. Peter's Basilica: is a Late Renaissance church located within Vatican City.St. Peter's is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and remains one of the two largest churches in the world.

6. Vatican City 梵諦岡:is a walled enclave within the city of Rome. It is the smallest internationally recognized independent state in the world by both area and population.

7.  Remember that you must die.人終將一死

8. Patheon (萬神廟) is a building in Rome, Italy, commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus. 

9. Raymond Carver was an American short story writer and poet. Carver contributed to the revitalization of the American short story in literature during the 1980s.

10. Memento Mori:s the medieval Latin theory and practice of reflection on mortality, especially as a means of considering the vanity of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits. It is related to the ars moriendi ("The Art of Dying") and related literature.

11. Trevi Fountain is a fountain  in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Pietro Bracci.

12. mor--stands for death, ex. morguo, mortify, mortician, morgage

      e.g. The teacher was mortified by his own inability to answer such a simple question.

1.Augustus奧古斯都=>August was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor.

2. The Aeneid is a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil. The hero Aeneas was already known to Greco-Roman legend and myth, having been a character in the Iliad.

3. Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day.

4. Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, influence and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.

5. The SAT is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States.

6. 北大教堂 Cathedral

7. I saw you crying in the chapel

8. "Roman Fever" is a short story by American writer Edith Wharton.

9. irony

    verbal irony--what's said is not what's meant.

    situatonal irony--what happens is the opposite of what's expected or desired.

    dramatic irony--readers know things that characters do not. We're "in the know."

    cosmic irony--bad things happen to good people

10. "The Gift of the Magi" is a short story, written by O. Henry.about a young married couple and how they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money.

11. verification: an affidavit attached to a statement confirming the truth of that statement

      e.g. A new research on verification of identification card

12. verisimilitude: the appearance of truth; the quality of seeming to be true

      e.g. Stories must have verisimilitude to interest most people

13.

1.Freytag's Pyramid

 2.A pyramid is a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single point at the top, making the shape roughly a pyramid in the geometric sence. The base of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilateral, or any polygon shape, meaning that a pyramid has at least three outer triangular surfaces.

3.Fiction is the classification for any creative informational work—almost always a narrative—whose creator does not claim responsibility for the work's faithfulness to reality.

4.Allegory(寓言) has been used widely throughout the histories of all forms of art, largely because it readily illustrates complex ideas and concepts in ways that are comprehensible to its viewers, readers, or listeners.

5.flat character: a character whobehaves and speaks in predictable, repetitive ways

6.didactic:instructive (especially excessively)

   e.g. He is more didactic in his approach to the learning process.

7.in media res:is the literary and artistic narrative technique of relating a story from the midpoint, rather than the beginning

8.antihero: is a protagonist who does not act in typically heroic ways

   e.g. Describing the antihero is an important mark of Russian writer Pelevin s postmodernist poetics.

9.protagonist主角,領導者a person who backs a politician or a team/the principal character in a work of fiction

   e.g. She was herself a vehement protagonist of sexual equality. 

10.novella: a short work of fiction of about 17,000 to 40,000 words, which focuses on one character

   e.g.  He has published short stories , a novella and a novel.

11.decipher(v.)破譯,解讀convert code into ordinary language

   e.g. The Coastguard needs to decipher garbled messages in a few minutes.

12.periodical(n.)期刊,雜誌a publication that appears at fixed intervals/(adj.)週期,定期性的happening or recurring at regular intervals

   e.g. She made periodical visits to her dentist.

1. orientation(n.)the act of orienting, a predisposition in favor of something

    e.g. They give their new employees a day or two of perfunctory orientation.

2. genre(n.)a kind of literary or artistic work, a style of expressing yourself in writing

    e.g. She emerges as a full, three-dimensional character in a way that few horror genre heroines ever do.

3. epic(n.)/(adj.)very imposing or impressive; surpassing the ordinary, constituting or having to do with or suggestive of a literary epic

    e.g. The themes get tangled in Mr. Mahfouz's epic storytelling.

4. tragedy(n.)an event resulting in great loss and misfortune, drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or circumstance

    e.g. All that money brought nothing but sadness and misery and tragedy.

5. cited(v.)make reference to, commend

    e.g. The officer cited the federation's rule on affiliation.

6. Freytag's Pyramid

7. every fair from fair sometime declines, by chance or nature's changing course untrimmed. 

8. Yalta雅爾達

    e.g. Stalin agreed at Yalta to hold free elections in Poland, and that's a serious commitment.

1. orientation(n.)the act of orienting, a predisposition in favor of something

    e.g. They give their new employees a day or two of perfunctory orientation.

2. genre(n.)a kind of literary or artistic work, a style of expressing yourself in writing

    e.g. She emerges as a full, three-dimensional character in a way that few horror genre heroines ever do.

3. epic(n.)/(adj.)very imposing or impressive; surpassing the ordinary, constituting or having to do with or suggestive of a literary epic

    e.g. The themes get tangled in Mr. Mahfouz's epic storytelling.

4. tragedy(n.)an event resulting in great loss and misfortune, drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or circumstance

    e.g. All that money brought nothing but sadness and misery and tragedy.

5. cited(v.)make reference to, commend

    e.g. The officer cited the federation's rule on affiliation.

6. Freytag's Pyramid

7. every fair from fair sometime declines, by chance or nature's changing course untrimmed.

8. Yalta雅爾達

    e.g. Stalin agreed at Yalta to hold free elections in Poland, and that's a serious commitment.

五段論證法

• What is that?
• What is that for?
• What should we care?

新知識

１．James the king first欽定版第一本聖經

２．Hadrin wall哈德良長城(蘇格蘭&英格蘭交界)

３．Noah Websten(維式百科)

４．Ccltic=>Latin=>1006年征服者威廉=>Anglo-Saxon

５．Augustus=>August，was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor

單字擴充

1.hypothesishypo(under)<=>hyper(above)

2.hypodermic皮下注射

   e.g. He held up a hypodermic to check the dosage.

3.dermotology皮膚學

4.autogamy自體授粉

　e.g. Autogamy Self - fertilization in plants.

5.theremometer溫度計

6.disease=dis(不)+ease(舒服,輕鬆)

　e.g. The conditions are ripe for the spread of disease.

7.prefixes字首

8.suffix字尾(part of speech,只能放字尾,有文法功能)or,er,ist...(teacher,author,artist...)

短片<The History of English in Ten Minutes>

生字筆記

1.activate(v.)make active or more active,make more adsorptive,make (substances) radioactive

   e.g. We must activate the youth to study．

2.skim(a thin layer covering the surface of a liquid)

           (v.) move or pass swiftly and lightly over the surface of,remove from the surface

           (adj.)used of milk and milk products from which the cream has been removed

   e.g. Skim off the fat.

3.legend(N.)a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events,brief description accompanying an illustration

   legendary(adj.)so celebrated as to having taken on the nature of a legend,celebrated in fable or legend

4.classically trained:trained in the tradition of classical European music

   e.g. Peter is a classically trained pianist.

5.specialize(V.)專門從事,專攻become more focus on an area of activity or field of study,be specific about,devote oneself to a special area of work

   e.g. There are restaurants, both humble and expensive, that specialize in them.

 6.lyrics:the words of a song

   e.g. His lyrics are highly literate. He even quotes Voltaire.

 7.domestic

            (N.)傭人a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household

           (adj.)of concern to or concerning the internal affairs of a nation,家庭的of or relating to the home,國內的produced in a particular country

           dometic violence:violence in the home,usually betwen a husband and a wife

   e.g. A special dispensation may be obtained from the domestic union concerned.

 8.blockbuster:風靡一時的事物,大片a very successful movie that make lots of money

   e.g. That new movie is a blockbuster.

 9.hornet大黃蜂,一大堆麻煩

   e.g. His criticisms of the president stirred up a hornet's nest.

10.implication(N.)something that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied)

   e.g. The implication that marital infidelity enhances a leader's credibility is preposterous.

11.cast:to give someone a part in a movie or play

   e.g. The cast of characters in the scandal is bewilderingly large.

12.celebrity:a widely known person,the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed

   e.g. He was more than a footballing superstar, he was a celebrity.

13.Bruce Lee:an actor,martial artist,film director,producer,and screenwriter

   e.g. Look out for Jacky Cheung impersonating Bruce Lee, very funny!

14.reprise:to repeat a performance or role done at a earlier time

   e.g. A ferocious blast ( ff ) starts off the reprise.

15.undeniable:not possible to deny

   e.g. He had undeniable charm.

16.recite:to say something from memory,in front of an audience

   e.g. All he could do was recite a list of Government failings.

17.venture:to risk going somewhere when it could be dangerous to do so

   e.g. When you venture outside, you are in for a surprise.

18.distraction:mental turmoil,an entertainment that provokes pleased interest and distracts you from worries and vexations,the act of distracting

   e.g. A very clingy child can drive a parent to distraction.

19.mediocre:not very good

   e.g. I thought the play was only mediocre.

20.box office reception:the way that the public reacts to a movie,concert,etc

   e.g. The film opened to healthy box office receipts before rapidly falling off.

21.matinee idol:popular film star

   e.g. Rudolph Valentino was the matinee idol of his day.

22.investment company:a company that advises people and bussinesses on how to make money

   e.g. I work as a consultant with an overseas investment company.

23.renovation:the act of improving by renewing and restoring

   e.g. The renovation process and decoration took four months.

24.Accoucheur:a male midwife or doctor

25.addle:confused and unable to think properly

　　ｅ．ｇ．　Eggs addle quickly in hot weather.

 NEW KNOWLEDGES

   1.foreshadowing埋伏筆

      e.g. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense.

   2.flashback

      e.g.  There is even a flashback to the murder itself.

   3.invocation(to call on,prayer,invoke)

      e.g. Please stand and pledge the flag, after which Dr. Jerome Taylor will give the invocation.

   4.epic poetry(Homer's Iliad & Odyssey)

   5.Odyssey=a wondering hero, one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.

6.gadfly牛虻

      e.g. One guy said he'd like to be a gadfly, like Socrates.

   7.Prometheus-the Titans,Prometheus bound)

   8.行星:Mercury,Venus,Earth,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,Neptune

   9.Hera=>孔雀,Athena=>貓頭鷹

Hera

Athena

  10.fatal woman:A femme fatale is a stock character of a mysterious and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers, often leading them into compromising, dangerous, and deadly situations. She is an archetype of literature and art.  

Additional word or knowledge

    1.acknowledgement =something that you say or do in order to show that you accept that something exists or is true/a statement of thanks for something that someone has done

       e.g. Their replies were no more than grunts of acknowledgement.

    2.library of congress:Knowledge will forever govern ignorance;and a people who mean to be their own governor must arm themselves with the power which knowlegde gives.

    3.bibliographical書目(reference)

       e.g. Full bibliographical information should be enclosed after the main text.

    4.compilation編譯

       e.g. The last track finishes this compilation beautifully.

    5.Miriam

    6.舊約聖經->希伯來文,新約聖經->希臘文

    7.phy=yours

    8.小布希P.178 , Psalm 23第四句,George W. Bush 911

    9.Tiresisa->盲先知:was a blind prophet of Apollo in Thebes, famous for clairvoyance and for being transformed into a woman for seven years.

   10.Oedipus complex 戀母情結(Oedipus):child's desire to have sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex (i.e. males attracted to their mothers, and females attracted to their fathers)

 plot情節

 Apollo: sends the plague(瘟疫) to the Achaean camp near the beginning of The Iliad because of Chryseis

 Cassandra:princess of Troy,Apollo's priests,because of Apollo's gift so she can prophesy(預先說出)

  week 3=>p.XIX-XXIV,P.3-5,P.181-188,P.189-290(Iliad),p.290-581(Odessey)

 affair(婚外情)=>Ares+Aphrodite(原配Hephaistos)

Homer:He is the aothor of Iliad and Odyssey,  and is revered as the greatst of ancient Greek epic poets.

Achilis同性戀,nature<=>nurture

Homeric epithet:A characteristic of Homer's style is the use of epithets

  1.mono=>1 (autogamy,automony)

     e.g. Autogamy Self - fertilization in plants.

  2.bi=>2 (bigamy)

     e.g. He was sentenced to one year's imprisonment for committing bigamy.

  3.tri=>3 (trigonometry)

     e.g. We may determine the height of a mountain by trigonometry.

  4.qua=>4 (quatrain)

  5.penta=>5 (pentagon)

     e.g. The Pentagon will give preference to companies which do business electronically.

  6.oct=>8 (octopus)

     e.g. He experienced nausea after eating octopus.

  7.nov=>11 (november,renovation)

     e.g. Troops were sent to the islands to restore order last November.

  8.metry,meter:丈量的意思

     e.g. Only a third of these households thought it reasonable to meter water.

  9.mor=>死亡(morgue,mortian,morgage,mortify)

     e.g. Andrew went to the morgue to view Wyrazik's body.

New knowledges

    1.Tetragrammaton=>耶和華

    2.Augustus奧古斯都=>August

    3.Jesus,Jacob,Joseph=>JJ家族

    4.Egyptian hieroglyphics象形文字

    5.Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships (傾國傾城)and burnt the topless tower of IIium?

    6. Sweet Helen,make me immortal with a kiss. (Christopher Marlowe<<Doctor Faustus>>)

    7. Leda and teh swan=>Helen,Clytemnestra,Castor and Pollux

    8.Achilles' Heel=致命傷

    9.Judgement of Paris:Athena(glory in the war),Aphrodite(most beautiful woman),Hera(wealth)

      Athena

 Aphrodite

 Hera

   羅馬數字

     1=i or I    2=ii or II   4=IV   9=IX   14=XIV    19=XIX   40=XL  49=IL  50=L   99=XCIX  

     100= C  400=CD  500=D  900=CM   1000=M