kiwiguo的部落格

今天是期中考,所以只有生字筆記

1.regulation:an authoritative rule,a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior

   e.g. The results prove that regulation of the salmon farming industry is inadequate.

2.cut staff:reduce some staff

   e.g. Voluntary redundancies and natural wastage will cut staff numbers to the required level.

3.restructure:construct or form anew or provide with a new structure

   e.g. The President called on educators and politicians to help him restructure American education.

4.affiliate:a subordinate or subsidiary associate; a person who is affiliated with another or with an organization

   e.g. Our New York company has an affiliate in Los Angeles.

5.executive:having the function of carrying out plans or orders etc.;"the executive branch"

   e.g. They may headhunt her for the vacant position of Executive Producer.

6.agenda:a temporally organized plan for matters to be attended to

   e.g. Never before has a summit had such a crowded agenda.

7.procedure:a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

   e.g. Doug stood still while I ran through the handover procedure.

8.submission:something (manuscripts or architectural plans and models or estimates or works of art of all genres etc.) submitted for the judgment of others (as in a competition);the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another

   e.g. We think an attempt to bully them into submission would be counterproductive.

9.supervision:management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group

   e.g. The plan calls for a cease-fire and UN supervision of the country.

10.marginal:at or constituting a border or edge,of questionable or minimal quality

   e.g. This is a marginal improvement on October.

11.undisclosed:not made known

   e.g. The company has been sold for an undisclosed amount.

12.ballroom:large room used mainly for dancing

   e.g. Several hundred people twirl around the ballroom dance floor.

13.expedition:a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country,a journey organized for a particular purpose

   e.g. The expedition was wrecked by bad planning and poor navigation.

14.remote:a device that can be used to control a machine or apparatus from a distance,far distant in space

   e.g. Statistically our chances of being the victims of violent crime are remote.

15.cabin:small room on a ship or boat where people sleep

   e.g. Dan was in his cabin, staring out of a porthole.

16.yacht: an expensive vessel propelled by sail or power and used for cruising or racing 

   e.g. Frank is of the opinion that the 1934 yacht should have won.

17.cruise:drive around aimlessly but ostentatiously and at leisure

   e.g. Don's story unfolded as the cruise got under way.

18.vessel:a tube in which a body fluid circulates,a craft designed for water transportation

   e.g. A fishing vessel and a cargo ship collided in rough seas.

19.therapeutic:tending to cure or restore to health

   e.g. When I was sad, music had a therapeutic effect.

20.contraction:(physiology) a shortening or tensing of a part or organ (especially of a muscle or muscle fiber),the process or result of becoming smaller or pressed together

   e.g. The contraction of muscles uses energy and releases heat.

21.metabolism:the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into an adult that occurs in some animals synonym

   e.g. Basal metabolism is much lower for creatures in cold water.

22.elevate:To elevate something means to increase it in amount or intensity

   e.g. Democracy might elevate the common man to a position of political superiority.

23.proprietor:(law) someone who owns (is legal possessor of) a business

   e.g. He was the sole proprietor with total management control.

24.stamina:enduring strength and energy

   e.g. It takes a lot of stamina to run a marathon.

25.reiterate:to say, state, or perform again

   e.g. I want to reiterate that our conventional weapons are superior.

 1.bureaucracy官僚主義；官僚政治，官僚機構

   e.g. People usually complain about having to deal with too much bureaucracy.

      2.theocracy神權政治

   e.g. Taking a stand as a theologian and spokesman of theocracy, Thomas Aquinas argued on some important socioeconomic issues.

      3.democracy民主政治；民主政體，民主制度；民主主義；民主精神

   e.g. He said parliament and the process of democracy had been debased.

      4.homicide殺人(行為)，殺人罪

   e.g. Homicide is the leading cause of death among black men.

      5.insecticide殺蟲劑

   e.g. Thanks to a new EU directive, insecticide labelling will be more specific.

      6.commit suicide自殺/commit crime犯罪

   e.g. There are unconfirmed reports he tried to commit suicide.

      7.pyre火葬

  e.g. The glow of a funeral pyre slowly dies by the silent river.

      8.Pygmalion effect皮格馬利翁效應(期待效應)

      9.bicentenial man

     10.Neptune(羅馬)=Poseidon(希臘)海神

   e.g. Neptune is the furthest planet from the sun.

     11.patron god/godess守護神

   e.g.  I forever all am your patron god.

     12.Pluto【羅馬神話】冥王；陰間之神。 (the Pluto)【天文學】冥王星。

   e.g. The space telescope has taken the clearest pictures ever of Pluto.

     13.pomegrantes紅石榴

     14.homeric epithet=>use adjective to indicate the character(ex. the swift-footed Achilles)

1.Gondola: is a traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat, well suited to the conditions of the Venetian lagoon. The gondola is propelled like punting, except an oar is used instead of a pole.

2.Church service: is a formalized period of communal worship, often but not exclusively occurring on Sunday;church service is the gathering together of Christians to be taught the 'Word of God' (the Christian Bible) and encouraged in their faith.

3.Female Prayer Room Sign

4.Raven:A raven is one of several larger-bodied members of the genus Corvus. Most have black plumage and large beaks but their plumage can differ slightly in some species. In Europe and North America the word "raven" normally refers to the Common raven.

5.威尼斯:義大利東北部著名的旅遊與工業城市，也是威尼托地區的首府別名「亞得里亞海的女王」、「水之都」、「面具之城」、「橋之城」、「漂浮之都」、「運河之城」、及「光之城」，Luigi Barzini曾在紐約時報形容它「無疑是最美麗的人造都市」，時代線上也稱讚威尼斯是歐洲最浪漫的城市之一。

6.Vatican City: a walled enclave within the city of Rome, is the smallest internationally recognized independent state in the world by both area and population.It is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Bishop of Rome—the Pope. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins.

7.雙峰塔(Petronas Twin Towers):別稱佩重納斯大廈、國家石油大廈、國油雙塔及雙子塔等，是兩棟位於馬來西亞吉隆坡市中心的摩天大樓，是世界第五高的大樓

8.Sundial:is a device that tells the time of day by the position of the Sun. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its style onto a surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day.

　ＮＥＷ　ＴＨＩＮＧＳ

１．Frailty, thy name is woman

２．Saturday：The Romans named Saturday dies Saturni　later than the 2nd century for the planet Saturn, which controlled the first hour of that day, according to Vettius Valens.

３．Augustus：was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor

４．Hark the herald angels sing  

５．mor-, mort- ：death, ex. morgue, mortician, mortify

　　e.g.　The skin of his foot are mortifying.

New things:

1.Boxing Day: is a holiday traditionally celebrated the day following Christmas Day, when servants and tradespeople would receive gifts, known as a "Christmas box", from their bosses or employers.Today, Boxing Day is the bank holiday that generally takes place on 26 December.

2.Mass(liturgy):"Mass" is one of the names by which the sacrament of the Eucharist is commonly called in the Catholic Church. The "Holy and Divine Liturgy" and "Holy Communion".The term Mass often colloquially refers to the entire church service in general.

3.Eucharist:also called Holy Communion, the Lord's Supper,is a Christian sacrament. Jesus Christ during his Last Supper. Giving his disciples bread and wine during the Passover meal, Jesus commanded his followers to "do this in memory of me," while referring to the bread as "my body" and the wine as "my blood."

4.Passover or Pesach:is an important biblically derived Jewish festival. The Jewish people celebrate Passover as a commemoration of their liberation over 3,300 years ago by God from slavery in ancient Egypt that was ruled by the Pharaohs, and their freedom as a nation under the leadership of Moses.

5.Moses:according to the Hebrew Bible, a former Egyptian prince later turned prophet, religious leader and lawgiver, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew.

6.Promised Land:is the land promised or given by God, according to the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), to the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob.The promised land was described in terms of the territory from the River of Egypt to the Euphrates river and was given to their descendants after Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt.

7.Joshua:is a figure in the Torah, being one of the spies for Israel  and identified in several passages as Moses' assistant.he became the leader of the Israelite tribes after the death of Moses. His name was Hoshe'a (the son of Nun), of the tribe of Ephraim.

8.-logy-: a particular science or subject, ex: geology, sociology, psychology

   e.g. We went on a geology field trip.

9.-ship: rank, status, skill, or relationship of the stated type, ex: championship, friendship, partnership

  e.g.  England's European Championship plans are in a right mess.

10.en-:to make into, to put into, ex:enable,enlarge, enroll

   e.g. They enroll him as a member of the club.

11.re-:again,back, down, ex:recall,refresh, reverse

   e.g. The wrong attitude will have exactly the reverse effect.

  生字筆記

1.flunk:failure to reach a minimum required performance

   e.g. He didn't flunk out, but his record isn't so hot.

2.flush:the period of greatest prosperity or productivity;sudden brief sensation of heat (associated with menopause and some mental disorders);the swift release of a store of affective force

   e.g. Do you sweat a lot or flush a lot?

3.foam:a mass of small bubbles formed in or on a liquid;a lightweight material in cellular form; made by introducing gas bubbles during manufacture

   e.g. We had given him a large foam mattress to sleep on.

4.forbid:command against;keep from happening or arising; make impossible

   e.g. They'll forbid you to marry.

5.formula:a group of symbols that make a mathematical statement;directions for making something;a conventionalized statement expressing some fundamental principle;a representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements

   e.g. There is no magic formula for producing winning products.

6.fort:a fortified military post where troops are stationed,a fortified defensive structure

   e.g. Take the metalled path running between the church and the fort.

7.fragrance:a distinctive odor that is pleasant;a pleasingly sweet olfactory property

   e.g. This oil has a lovely woody fragrance.

8.frown:a facial expression of dislike or displeasure

   e.g. There was a deep frown on the boy's face.

9.furnish:give something useful or necessary to;provide or equip with furniture

   e.g. Can you furnish the committee with statements of the costs?

10.gangster:a criminal who is a member of gang

   e.g. A bullet meant for Riley snuffs out a passing gangster.

11.gear:a toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in order to change the speed or direction of transmitted motion;a mechanism for transmitting motion for some specific purpose (as the steering gear of a vehicle)

   e.g. With protective gear on you can spar with a partner.

12.generosity:the trait of being willing to give your money or time;acting generously

   e.g. Generosity is its own form of power.

13.genuine:not fake or counterfeit;not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed;being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something

   e.g. It was not the policy of the government to repatriate genuine refugees.

14.germ:anything that provides inspiration for later work;a small apparently simple structure (as a fertilized egg) from which new tissue can develop into a complete organism

   e.g. This germ is found on things used by the patients.

15.gigantic:so exceedingly large or extensive as to suggest a giant or mammoth

   e.g. He has a gigantic appetite and eats gigantic meals.

16.giggle:a foolish or nervous laugh

   e.g. His hand shot to his mouth to stifle a giggle.

17.ginger:perennial plants having thick branching aromatic rhizomes and leafy reedlike stems

   e.g. Grate a tablespoonful of fresh ginger into a pan.

18.grace:elegance and beauty of movement or expression;a sense of propriety and consideration for others;a disposition to kindness and compassion

   e.g. Grace laid out the knives and forks at the lunch-table.

19.gratitude:a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation

   e.g.  I owe a big debt of gratitude to her.

20.grave:death of a person;a place for the burial of a corpse (especially beneath the ground and marked by a tombstone)

   e.g. Two men were standing by the freshly dug grave.

21.greasy:containing an unusual amount of grease or oil;smeared or soiled with grease or oil

   e.g. He propped his elbows upon a greasy counter.

22.grind:the grade of particle fineness to which a substance is ground;an insignificant student who is ridiculed as being affected or boringly studious

   e.g.  The daily grind of government is done by Her Majesty's Civil Service.

23.gulf:an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land; larger than a bay

   e.g. These issues were brought into sharp focus by the Gulf crisis.

24.halt:the state of inactivity following an interruption;the event of something ending;an interruption or temporary suspension of progress or movement

   e.g. The elevator creaked to a halt at the ground floor.

25.hardship:a state of misfortune or affliction;something hard to endure;something that causes or entails suffering

   e.g. Many people are suffering economic hardship.

 New things:

1.Bull Markets and Bear Markets:A bull market is a rising market. In a bull market, investors are positive.A bear market is a declining market. It tends to begin with a sharp drop in stock prices across the board. There is usually an eye in the storm, during which stock prices increase. But the storm returns, of course, and the bear market falls and falls and falls.在證券交易中，bear的意思是“賣空者，抛售股票或期貨希望造成價格下跌的人”；bull 的意思是“買進股票等待價格上漲以圖谋利者；哄抬證券價格的人”。

2. Twelve days of Christmas.:is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas.

3.I'll ride with you(BBC-Sydney cafe:Australians say to Muslims:"I'll ride with you.")

http://www.thenewslens.com/post/103483/

4. O Come All Ye Faithful by Chris Tomlin

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JSF9Uz20PY

5.Hewlett-Packard:Hewlett-Packard Company or HP (styled as 【hp】) is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. It provides hardware, software and services to consumers, small- and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) and large enterprises, including customers in the government, health and education sectors.

6.Post-it note(or sticky note): is a small piece of paper with a re-adherable strip of glue on its back, made for temporarily attaching notes to documents and other surfaces. A unique low-tack pressure-sensitive adhesive allows the notes to be easily attached, removed, and even re-posted elsewhere without leaving residue.

7.Scotch Tape:is a brand name used for certain pressure-sensitive tapes manufactured by 3M as part of the company's Scotch brand

8.A Room with a View:is a 1908 novel by English writer E. M. Forster, about a young woman in the repressed culture of Edwardian era England. Set in Italy and England, the story is both a romance and a critique of English society at the beginning of the 20th century. Merchant-Ivory produced an award-winning film adaptation in 1985.

 生字筆記

1.cumulative:increasing by successive addition

   e.g. The benefits are cumulative.

2.bene-:stands for good, ex.beneficial

   e.g. The beneficial effects of a temperate climate

3.multinational:involving or operating in several nations or nationalities

   e.g. The US troops would be part of a multinational force.

4.abstract:a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance;a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory

   e.g.  His painting went through both representational and abstract periods.

5.threshold:the starting point for a new state or experience;the entrance (the space in a wall) through which you enter or leave a room or building; the space that a door can close;the sill of a door; a horizontal piece of wood or stone that forms the bottom of a doorway and offers support when passing through a doorway

   e.g. The consensus has clearly shifted in favour of raising the nuclear threshold.

6.throne:the chair of state for a monarch, bishop;the position and power of an exalted person (a sovereign or bishop) who is entitled to sit in a chair of state on ceremonial occasions

   e.g. Edward VIII had done the unthinkable and abdicated the throne.

7.throng:a large gathering of people

   e.g. An official pushed through the throng.

8.thrust:the force used in pushing;a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointed instrument;the act of applying force to propel something

   e.g. He reached the garden gate and thrust his way through it.

9.tile:a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces

   e.g. Vinyl can be laid in sheet or tile form.

10.tilt:a combat between two mounted knights tilting against each other with blunted lances;a slight but noticeable partiality

   e.g. He continued to urge the Conservative Party to tilt rightwards.

11.tin:a silvery malleable metallic element that resists corrosion; used in many alloys and to coat other metals to prevent corrosion; obtained chiefly from cassiterite where it occurs as tin oxide

   e.g. The tea was sweetened with a hoarded tin of condensed milk.

12.toad:any of various tailless stout-bodied amphibians with long hind limbs for leaping; semiaquatic and terrestrial species

   e.g. He grabbed into the ooze and came up clutching a large toad.

13.toil:productive work (especially physical work done for wages)

   e.g. The wealth comes from the toil of the masses.

14.torch:a light usually carried in the hand; consists of some flammable substance

   e.g. I was perished. No jacket, no torch, wet through, exhausted.

15.torment:unbearable physical pain;extreme mental distress

   e.g. Outdoors, mosquitoes and midges were a perpetual torment.

16.torrent:a heavy rain;a violently fast stream of water (or other liquid);an overwhelming number or amount

   e.g. They were jostled and subjected to a torrent of verbal abuse.

17.torture:extreme mental distress

   e.g. The friction of the sheets against his skin was torture.

18.toxic:of or relating to or caused by a toxin or poison

   e.g. Nuclear weapons plants across the country are heavily contaminated with toxic wastes.

19.traitor:someone who betrays his country by committing treason

   e.g. They called him a traitor to his Afrikaner people.

20.tramp:a disreputable vagrant;a person who engages freely in promiscuous sex;a heavy footfall

   e.g. The tramp produced a stump of candle from his deep pockets.

21.trample:the sound of heavy treading or stomping

   e.g. Please don't trample on the azaleas.

22.transparent:transmitting light; able to be seen through with clarity

   e.g. We are now striving hard to establish a transparent parliamentary democracy.

23.treasury:the funds of a government or institution or individual;the government department responsible for collecting and managing and spending public revenues

   e.g. The Treasury has long been predicting an upturn in consumer spending.

24.trench:a ditch dug as a fortification having a parapet of the excavated earth;a long steep-sided depression in the ocean floor

   e.g. They recaptured their trench.

25.tribute:something given or done as an expression of esteem;payment by one nation for protection by another

   e.g. The song is a tribute to Roy Orbison.

1.I'll ride with you(BBC-Sydney cafe:Australians say to Muslims:"I'll ride with you.")

http://www.thenewslens.com/post/103483/

2.O Come All Ye Faithful by Chris Tomlin

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JSF9Uz20PY

3.Am I My Brother's Keeper

4.Samson Agonistes:is a tragic closet drama by John Milton. Samson Agonistes was begun around the same time as Paradise Regained but was completed after the larger work, possibly very close to the date of publishing, but there is no agreement on this.

5.Paradise Lost:is an epic poem in blank verse by  English poet John Milton.The poem concerns the Biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of God to men".

6.Jesus is knocking on the door of your heart

7.Sistine Chapel:is a large and renowned chapel in the official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City.  The chapel has served as a place of both religious and functionary papal activity.

8.Pietà (Michelangelo): is a world-famous work of Renaissance sculpture by Michelangelo Buonarroti. It is the first of a number of works of the same theme by the artist. 

9.Parable: It differs from a fable in that fables employ unrealistic examples like talking animals, plants, and forces of nature as characters, whereas parables use realistic and possible examples with human characters. A parable is a type of analogy.

NEW THINGS

1.stanza:In poetry, a stanza is a grouped set of lines within a poem.Stanzas can have regular rhyme and metrical schemes, though stanzas are not strictly required to have either.

2.Anna Karina:is a Danish-French citizen, film actress, director, and screenwriter who has spent most of her working life in France. She is known as a muse of the director Jean-Luc Godard, one of the pioneers of the French New Wave.

“All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.”

3.Idiom: is a combination of words in common use, that have a figurative meaning, and sometimes a literal meaning. An idiom's figurative meaning is separate from the literal meaning.

4.conscience:motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions;conformity to one's own sense of right conduct

   have heart=have conscience

   e.g. The Daily Mail has the headline "The Voice of Conscience"

5.conscious:knowing and perceiving; having awareness of surroundings and sensations and thoughts,Is he/she conscious?

   e.g. I felt so self-conscious under Luke's mother's intense gaze.

6.incompetent:not have enough ability

   e.g. He has been scathing in his denunciation of corrupt and incompetent politicians.

7.plot

8.herbivorous:feeding only on plants

   e.g. Cattle are herbivorous animals.

9.omnivorous:feeding on both plants and animals雜食性(omni=>all,ex.omnipotent,omnicisous)

   e.g. Brown bears are omnivorous, eating anything that they can get their paws on.

10.solitaire in the US, is a genre of tabletop games, consisting of card games that can be played by a single player. Patience games can also be played in a multiplayer fashion.

   e.g.  I am divided from mankind, a solitaire, one banish'd from humane society.

11.make allowance for...允許...

   e.g. We should make allowance for the wishes of others.

12.e-:out,ex.escape

   e.g.  No detail was too small to escape her attention.

13.Sibling:A sibling is one of two or more individuals having one or both parents in common. A female sibling is a sister and a male sibling is a brother.

   e.g. Sibling rivalry often causes parents anxieties.

14.the one who has nothing wins

   e.g. You are the one who has charge of these task forces.

生字筆記

1.leg of the game:part of the game

   e.g. Family values are suddenly the name of the game.

2.drumstick:the name we give to the leg of a chicken or other bird when we eat it

   e.g. She offered Molly tidbits: a chicken drumstick, some cheese.

3.entourage:a group of people who travel with an important person

   e.g. He was accompanied by an entourage of a dozen police officers.

4.opponent:a contestant that you are matched against;someone who offers opposition

   e.g. Young and old saw in him an implacable opponent of apartheid.

5.detach:cause to become detached or separated; take off(ex.detach the skin from the chicken before you eat it);separate (a small unit) from a larger, especially for a special assignment(ex.The government detach a regiment.);come to be detached(ex.His retina detached and he had to be rushed into surgery)

   e.g. It helps them detach themselves from their problems and become more objective.

6.competitive:involving competition or competitiveness(ex.To improve one's competitive position is important);subscribing to capitalistic competition);showing a fighting disposition(ex.Highly competitive sales representative.)

   e.g. The betting is that the experience will make Japan more competitive still.

7.supportive:furnishing support or assistance(ex.His family was supportive of his attempts to be a writer.)

   e.g. He thinks we are living in a fully integrated, supportive society.

8.foe:an armed adversary (especially a member of an opposing military force),(ex.A soldier must be prepared to kill his foes);a personal enemy(ex.They had been political foes for years)

   e.g. He knew that Karl could be an implacable foe.

9.malice:feeling a need to see others suffer;the quality of threatening evil

   e.g. He was actuated entirely by malice.

10.impotent:lacking power or ability(ex.Technology without morality is barbarous; morality without technology is impotent.);(of a male) unable to copulate

   e.g. The aggression of a bully leaves people feeling hurt, angry and impotent

11.parrot:usually brightly colored zygodactyl tropical birds with short hooked beaks and the ability to mimic sounds;a copycat who does not understand the words or acts being imitated

   e.g. Generations of students have learnt to parrot the standard explanations.

12.interpretation:a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something;the act of interpreting something as expressed in an artistic performance(ex.Her rendition of Milton's verse was extraordinarily moving.);an explanation that results from interpreting something(ex.The report included his interpretation of the forensic evidence.);an explanation of something that is not immediately obvious(ex.The edict was subject to many interpretations.)

   e.g. The opposition Conservative Party put a different interpretation on the figures.

13.significant:very important

   e.g. Davis was one of the most significant musicians of the last century.

14.engulf:to swallow up or overwhelm by or as if by overflowing and enclosing

   e.g. The spring tide engulfed the beach houses.

15.elemental:powerful and basic, especially because of being connected with the forces of nature

   e.g. the elemental presence of the landscape

16.subscribe:to promise to pay or contribute money

   e.g. He subscribed a large sum to the relief fund.

17.profound:used about very strong feelings, especially negative ones

   e.g. Most of the divorced parents we interviewed said they had experienced guilt and a profound sense of failure.

18.rowdy:noisy and causing trouble

   e.g. a gang of rowdy kids

19.generosity:the quality or fact of being generous

   e.g. Asidewalk beggar who benefited from the generosity of kindhearted passersby.

20.tactful:having or showing tact

   e.g. He gave a tactful critique of her story.

21.censure :a judgment involving condemnation

   e.g. The country faces international censure for its alleged involvement in the assassination.

22.pension:a fixed sum paid regularly to a person

   e.g. Her pension arrives in the mail every month.

23.stout:strong of character

   e.g. He has a stout heart.

24.sermon:a religious discourse delivered in public usually by a clergyman as a part of a worship service

   e.g. He preached a sermon on the importance of kindness.

25.torrent:umultuous outpouring

   e.g. The storm turned the stream into a raging torrent.

1.Medea:In Euripides's play Medea, Jason leaves Medea when Creon, king of Corinth, offers him his daughter, Glauce. The play tells of Medea avenging her husband's betrayal by slaying their children.

2. plot

3.Hubris:one of the tragic flaw.means extreme pride or self-confidence. When it offends the Gods of ancient Greece, it is usually punished.  Hubris often indicates a loss of contact with reality and an overestimation of one's own competence, accomplishments or capabilities, especially when the person exhibiting it is in a position of power.

4.Catharsis: meaning "purification" or "cleansing, is the purification and purgation of emotions—especially pity and fear—through art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration. It is a metaphor originally used by Aristotle in the Poetics to describe the effects of tragedy on the spectator.

5.Setting (narrative):place & time.In works of narrative, the literary element setting includes the historical moment in time and geographic location in which a story takes place, and helps initiate the main backdrop and mood for a story.

6.Tragedy:  based on human suffering that invokes in its audience an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in the viewing. The term tragedy often refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilization.

7.Tragic hero(Aristotle's tragic hero):Aristotle suggests that a hero of a tragedy must evoke in the audience a sense of pity or fear, the focus of the tragic hero should not be in the loss of his prosperity.

Aristotle contests that the tragic hero has to be a man “who is not eminently good and just, whose misfortune is brought about not by vice or depravity, but by some error or frailty.

8.Three unities(三一律):action,place,time

9.spec-:to look,ex.spectator(觀眾) 

   e.g.  The most popular spectator sport is football.

10.arch:【建築】把…作成拱形；使彎作弓形。用拱連接，用拱覆蓋。ex. architect

   e.g. Today's complex buildings require close teamwork between the architect and the builders.

11.anarchy無政府,無秩序(狀態)；混亂

   e.g. He had been swept aside in the whirlwind of reform and anarchy.

12.fallen angels墮落天使

13.inferno地獄

   e.g.  Rescue workers fought to get to victims inside the inferno.

1.Catholicism:it is to be distinguished from the sense in which it denotes Christians and churches, western and eastern, that are in full communion with the Holy See, and that are commonly called the Catholic Church or Roman Catholic Church.

2.Protestantism:is the form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,a movement against what the Protestants considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church.

3.Catholic天主教

4.Protestant新教徒

5.episcopal主教

6.Aristotle:was a Greek philosopher and scientist,his writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government.

7.Lysistrata:is a comedy by Aristophanes. It is a comic account of one woman's extraordinary mission to end the Peloponnesian War. Lysistrata persuades the women of Greece to withhold sexual privileges from their husbands and lovers as a means of forcing the men to negotiate peace.

8.Aristophanes:was a comic playwright of ancient Athens.These, together with fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and they are used to define the genre. 

9.Andy Williams--It's the most wonderful time of a year

"It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year"

10.Dramatic irony:This type of irony is the device of giving the spectator an item of information that at least one of the characters in the narrative is unaware of (at least consciously), thus placing the spectator a step ahead of at least one of the characters.

11.three unity:action,place,time

12.go on strike罷工

   e.g. The workers have threatened to withdraw their labour , ie go on strike.

13.the most important:plot;the least important:spectacle

14.violence的場景不會在舞台上展現出來

15.ad-:toward, come near (advent,adventage,advertisment)

   e.g. We should take good adventage of TV to learn about the world.

16.Marshmallow棉花糖

   e.g. Hispanic kids, two out of three ate the marshmallow.